The Seljuk dynasty or Seljukids ˈ s ɛ l dʒ ʊ k SEL juuk Persian سلجوقیان Saljuqian alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or S

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (/ˈsɛldʒʊk/ SEL-juuk; Persian: سلجوقیان Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks,Seljuk Turkomans or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.

Seljuk dynasty
Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad I
Country	Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum
Founded	10th century – Seljuk
Titles	Sultan of Seljuk Empire Sultan of Rum Sultan of Kermân (or Kirmân) Emir of Damascus Emir of Aleppo
Traditions	Sunni Islam (Maturidi Hanafi)
Dissolution	Damascus: 1104 – Baktāsh (Ertaş), dethroned by Toghtekin Great Seljuk: 1194 – Toghrul III was killed in battle with Tekish Rum: 1308 – Mesud II died

Early history

The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks, who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world; north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan. During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities. When Seljuk, the leader of the Seljuk clan, had a falling out with Yabghu, the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan from the bulk of the Oghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya. Around 985, Seljuk converted to Islam.

In the 11th century, the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavids. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa Plains in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons, Tughril and Chaghri, received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title of dehqan. At the Battle of Dandanaqan, they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51, established the Great Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades.

Later period

After arriving in Persia, the Seljuks adopted the Persian culture and used the Persian language as the official language of the government, and played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition which features "Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers". Today, they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture, art, literature, and language.

Seljuk rulers

Head of Seljuk male royal figure, 12–13th century, from Iran. Carved and drilled stone with Iranian craftsmanship. Kept at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Toghrol Tower, a 12th-century monument south of Tehran commemorating Toğrül

The Kharāghān twin towers, built in Iran in 1053 to house the remains of Seljuk princes

Rulers of the Seljuk Dynasty

The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.

Titular name(s)	Personal name	Reign
Bey بیگ	Tughril I طغرل	1037–1063
Bey بیگ	Suleiman سلیمان شاہ	1063
Sultan سلطان	Alp Arslan (Arslan I) الپ ارسلان	1063–1072
Sultan سلطان Jalāl al-Dawlah جلال الدولہ	Malik Shah I ملک شاہ یکم	1072–1092
Sultan سلطان Nasir al-Duniya wa al-Din ناصر الدنیا والدین	Mahmud I محمود یکم	1092–1094
Sultan سلطان Abul Muzaffar Rukn al-Duniya wa al-Din أبو المظفر رکن الدنیا والدین	Barkiyaruq برکیارق	1094–1105
Sultan سلطان Muizz al-Din معز الدین	Malik Shah II ملک شاہ دوم	1104–1105
Sultan سلطان Ghiyath al-Duniya wa al-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین	Muhammad I Tapar محمد تاپار	1105–1118
Sultan سلطان Muizz al-Din معز الدین	*Ahmad Sanjar احمد سنجر	1118–1153
Khwarazmian dynasty replaces the Seljuk dynasty. From 1157, the Oghuz took control of much of Khurasan, with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs.

Muhammad's son Mahmud II succeeded him in western Persia, but Ahmad Sanjar, who was the governor of Khurasan at the time being the senior member of the family, became the Great Seljuk Sultan.

Seljuk sultans of Hamadan

The Great Seljuk Empire in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I

The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad. Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiguzids.

Mahmud II 1118–1131
1131–1133 disputed between:
- Dawud 1131–1132
- Mas'ud (in Jibal and Iranian Azerbaijan) 1132
- Toghrul II, 1132–1133
Mas'ud 1133–1152
Malik Shah III 1152–1153
Muhammad II 1153–1159
Suleiman-Shah 1159–1161
Arslan-Shah 1161–1177
Toghrul III 1177–1194

In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with the Khwarezm Shah, who annexed Hamadan.

Seljuk rulers of Kerman

Kerman was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman.

Qavurt 1041–1073 (great-grantson of Seljuq, brother of Alp Arslan)
1073–1074
1074–1075 or 1074–1085
1075–1084

or 1074 (before Sultan Shah)

1084–1096 or 1085–1097
Iranshah ibn Turanshah 1096–1101 or 1097–1101
Arslan Shah I 1101–1142
1142–1156
1156–1169 or 1156–1170
1169–1174 or 1170–1175
1174–1176 or 1175–1176
1176–1183
Muhammad II Shah 1183–1187 or 1183–1186

Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar. Kerman was eventually annexed by the Khwarezmid Empire in 1196.

Seljuk rulers in Syria

Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1085–1086
Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk 1086–1087
Qasim ad-Dawla Abu Said Aq Sunqur al-Hajib 1087–1094
Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I (second time) 1094–1095
Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan 1095–1113
Tadj ad-Dawla Alp Arslan al-Akhras 1113–1114
Sultan Shah 1114–1123

To the Artuqids

Sultans/Emirs of Damascus:

Aziz ibn Abaaq al-Khwarazmi 1076–1079
Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1079–1095
Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq 1095–1104
Tutush II 1104
Muhi ad-Din Baktāsh (Ertaş) 1104

Damascus seized by the Burid Toghtekin

Seljuk sultans of Rum (Anatolia)

The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in 1190, before the Third Crusade

The Seljuk line, already having been deprived of any significant power, effectively ended in the early 14th century.

Kutalmish 1060–1077
Suleyman I (Suleiman) 1077–1086
Dawud Kilij Arslan I 1092–1107
Malik Shah 1107–1116
Rukn ad-Din Mesud I 1116–1156
Izz ad-Din Kilij Arslan II 1156–1192
Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw I 1192–1196
Suleyman II (Suleiman) 1196–1204
Kilij Arslan III 1204–1205
Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw I (second time) 1205–1211
Izz ad-Din Kaykaus I 1211–1220
Ala ad-Din Kayqubad I 1220–1237
Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw II 1237–1246
Izz ad-Din Kaykaus II 1246–1260
Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV 1248–1265
Ala ad-Din Kayqubad II 1249–1257
Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw III 1265–1282
Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II 1282–1284
Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III 1284
Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (second time) 1284–1293
Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III (second time) 1293–1294
Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (third time) 1294–1301
Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III (third time) 1301–1303
Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (fourth time) 1303–1307

Gallery

Shatranj chess set, glazed fritware, 12th-century Iran. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Seljuk sarcophagus at the Eskişehir Eti Archaeology Museum

Family tree

Tuqaq Temur
Yalig Beg
(b. ? – d. ?)
Commander-in-chief
of The Oghuz army

Seljuk Beg
(b. ? – d. ?)
The founder of
Seljuk dynasty

Qawam al-Dawla
(r. 1012–1028)
Buyid (Governor) in Kerman

Arslan Yabgu
(b. ? – d. 1032)
Chief of Seljuk dynasty

Mikail ibn Seljuk
(b. ? -d. ?)

The mother of
Toghrul, Chaghri,
Ibrahim and Artash

Yûsuf Inal

Yûnus

Mûsâ Yabgu
(İnanç Yabgu) Governor of Tokharistan

Abu Kalijar
(r. 1028–1048)
Buyid (Amir) in Kirman

Kurlu Bey
(r. 1069–1071)
Leader of the Seljuk
vassal state in Palestine

Qutalmish
Father of the founder of
Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate

1.Toghrul I
(r. 1037–1063)
First sultan of
The Great Seljuk Empire

Chaghri Beg
(r. 1040–1060)
Governor of Khorasan

Ibrahim Inal

Artash Inal
(Artāsh)

Abu Ali
Hasan Yabgu

Yûsuf, Kara Arslan,
Abu Bakr, Umar,
Bori and Dawlatshah

1.Qawurd-Beg
Seljuk Shah of Kirman
(r. 1048–1073)
Kerman Seljuk Sultanate

Atsiz ibn Uvaq
(r. 1076–1079)
(Amir) of Dimashq

Aksungur
(r. 1086–1094)
Sultan of (Aleppo)

2.Suleiman
(r. 1063)
Sultan of Great Seljuk

3.Alp Arslan
(r. 1063–1072)
Sultan of Great Seljuk

Alp Sungur Yâkūtî
Prince
Governor of Azerbaijan

Arslan Argun and Ilyas
Other princes

Khadija Arslan
Princess
married Abbasid
caliph Al-Qa'im.

Safiyya Khatun
Princess

2.Kerman Shah
(r. 1073–1074)
3.Hussain Omar Shah
(r. 1074)

Tutush
(r. 1079–1095)
(Sultan) of Dimashq and
(r. 1094–1095) of (Aleppo)

Turkan Khatun
The daughter of Tamghach Khan
Ibrahim of Kara-Khanid dynasty
and de facto ruler of Mahmud I

4.Malik-Shah I
(r. 1072–1092)
Sultan of Great Seljuk

Arslan-Shah
(r. 1066–1083)
Governor of Khorasan

Doğan-Shah
(r. 1083–1092)
Governor of Khorasan

Arslan-Argun
(r. 1092–1097)
Governor of Khorasan

Tuğrul and Böri-Bars
Other princes

Aisha
Princess
married Kara-Khanid khan
Nasr Shams al-Mulk.

4.Sultan Shah
(r. 1074–1085)
5.Turan I Shah
(r. 1085–1097)

Dawud and Ahmad
Other princes

5.Mahmud I
(r. 1092–1094)
Sultan of Great Seljuk

6.Bark-Yaruq
(r. 1092–1104)
Sultan of Great Seljuk

8.Muhammad I Tapar
(r. 1105–1118)
Sultan of Great Seljuk

9.Ahmad Sanjar
(r. 1118–1153)
Last sultan of
The Great Seljuk

Tuğrul and Amîr Humâr
Other princes

Gawhar Khatun
Princess
married Ghaznavid
sultan Mas'ud III.

Sayyeda
Princess
married Abbasid
caliph Al-Mustazhir

6.Iranshah
(r. 1097–1101)
7.Arslan I Shah
(r. 1101–1142)

Duqaq
(r. 1095–1104)
(Amir) of Dimashq

Mah-i Malak
Princess
married Abbasid
caliph Al-Muqtadi

7.Malik-Shah II
(r. 1104-1105)
Sultan of Great Seljuk

1.Mahmud II
(r. 1118–1131)
First sultan of
The Iraqi Seljuks

3.Toghrul II
(r. 1132–1134)
Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks

Mu'mine Khatun
wife of Toghrul II
until 1134
wife of İldeniz from 1136

Ildeniz
(r. 1160–1175)
de facto ruler
Atabeg of Arslan-Shah

4.Masud
(r. 1134–1152)
Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks

8.Malīk Muhammad I Shah
(r. 1142–1156)
9.Toghrul Shah
(r. 1156–1170)

Tutush II & Artash
(Baktāsh) (r. 1104)
(Amir) of Dimashq

2.Dawud
(r. 1131–1132)
Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks

5.Malik-Shah III
(r. 1152–1153)
Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks

6.Muhammad II
(r. 1153–1159)
Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks

7.Suleiman-Shah
(r. 1159–1160)
Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks

8.Arslan-Shah
(r. 1160–1177)
Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks

Nusrat al-Din Muhammad
(r. 1175–1186)
de facto ruler of Toghrul III
Atabeg of Arslan-Shah

Qizil Arslan
(r. 1186-1191)
de facto ruler of Toghrul III
Atabeg of the Eldiguzids

10.Bahrām, 11.Arslan II
Shah(r. 1170 - 1171)
12.Bahrām Shah
(r. 1171 - 1172)

13.Bahrām & Arslan II
Shah(r. 1172–1175)
14.Bahrām Shah
(r. 1175)

15.Muhammad II Shah
(r. 1175)
16.Arslan II Shah
(r. 1175 - 1177)

17.Turan II Shah
(r. 1177–1183)
18.Muhammad II Shah
(r. 1183–1187)

Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan
(r. 1095–1113)
Malik of Aleppo

Alp Arslan
(r. 1113–1114)
Sultan Shah
(r. 1114–1117)

9.Toghrul III
(r. 1177–1191, 1192–1194)
Last sultan of
The Iraqi Seljuks

Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr
(r. 1191–1210)
de facto ruler
Atabeg of the Eldiguzids

Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek
(r. 1210–1225)
Atabeg of the Eldiguzids

Notes:

Seljuk Empire
Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Seljuk (warlord)

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